- Yale MS Center6 Devine StreetSte Suite 2BNorth Haven, CT 06473
Erin Longbrake, MD/PhD
Biography
Erin Longbrake, MD, PhD, is a neurologist who specializes in neuro-immune diseases, including multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, and autoimmune encephalitis.
Dr. Longbrake earned combined MD/PhD degrees at Ohio State University, followed by a neurology residency at Washington University. In 2016, she joined the Yale faculty.
Dr. Longbrake’s interest in neuro-immunology stems from the rapid rate at which the field is changing. “When I was first starting to train, we were told that the immune system didn’t impact the brain, and now we know that couldn’t be further from the truth,” she says. She enjoys being a part of a field that is constantly developing new treatments and discovering new science.
As a neuro-immunologist, Dr. Longbrake develops long-term relationships with her patients. “We take care of people throughout the course of their disease, which means I have patients who first started coming to me in their late teens or early 20s and I continue to see them throughout their whole life,” she says. As a result, Dr. Longbrake gets to know her patients’ families and takes them into account when developing a treatment plan.
Dr. Longbrake’s approach to treating multiple sclerosis is to use the most aggressive treatments as soon as the diagnosis is confirmed. “We want to prevent future brain damage and keep the brain as intact as possible,” she says.
Dr. Longbrake also educates her patients about the nature of the disease. “At the beginning of the diagnosis, it’s particularly important to tell patients that it’s not the doomsday idea that this is going to put you in a wheelchair by the time you’re 30. We have good treatments,” she says.
In addition to treating patients, Dr. Longbrake conducts research on the biological mechanisms behind multiple sclerosis. She is an assistant professor of neurology at Yale School of Medicine.
Titles
- Assistant Professor of Neurology
- Director, Clinical Research, Neuroimmunology
- Director, Fellowship Program, Multiple Sclerosis & Other Inflammatory Brain Disease
Education & Training
- Multiple Sclerosis FellowWashington University (2016)
- MSWashington University, Clinical Investigation (2016)
- ResidentWashington University (2013)
- InternWashington University (2010)
- MD/PhDThe Ohio State University (2009)
- BACedarville University, Biology (2001)
Additional Information
- Sylvia Lawry Fellow: National Multiple Sclerosis Society (2013)
- Alpha Omega Alpha: The Ohio State University (2009)
- Annals of Neurology (2021 - Present): Associate Editor
- Journal of Neuroimmunology (2021 - Present): Editorial Board Member
- Neurology: Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation (2020 - Present): Editorial Board Member
- American Academy of Neurology (2019 - 2023): Topic Chair: MS & CNS Inflammatory Disease
- Ontaneda D, Sati P, Raza P, Kilbane M, Gombos E, Alvarez E, Azevedo C, Calabresi P, Cohen JA, Freeman L, Henry RG, Longbrake EE, Mitra N, Illenberger N, Schindler M, Moreno-Dominguez D, Ramos M, Mowry E, Oh J, Rodrigues P, Chahin S, Kaisey M, Waubant E, Cutter G, Shinohara R, Reich DS, Solomon A, Sicotte NL, Cooperative N. Central vein sign: A diagnostic biomarker in multiple sclerosis (CAVS-MS) study protocol for a prospective multicenter trial NeuroImage Clinical 2021, 32: 102834. PMID: 34592690, PMCID: PMC8482479, DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102834.
- Longbrake E. Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein–Associated Disorders CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning In Neurology 2022, 28: 1171-1193. PMID: 35938661, PMCID: PMC9523511, DOI: 10.1212/con.0000000000001127.
- Hua LH, Obeidat AZ, Amezcua L, Cohen JA, Costello K, Dunn J, Gelfand JM, Goldman MD, Hopkins S, Jeffery D, Krieger S, Newsome SD, Shah S, Sicotte NL, Yadav V, Longbrake EE. Consensus Curriculum for Fellowship Training in Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology. Neurology Clinical Practice 2021, 11: 352-357. PMID: 34484933, PMCID: PMC8382436, DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000001040.
- Shinoda K, Li R, Rezk A, Mexhitaj I, Patterson K, Kakara M, Zuroff L, Bennett J, von Büdingen H, Carruthers R, Edwards K, Fallis R, Giacomini P, Greenberg B, Hafler D, Ionete C, Kaunzner U, Lock C, Longbrake E, Pardo G, Piehl F, Weber M, Ziemssen T, Jacobs D, Gelfand J, Cross A, Cameron B, Musch B, Winger R, Jia X, Harp C, Herman A, Bar-Or A. Differential effects of anti-CD20 therapy on CD4 and CD8 T cells and implication of CD20-expressing CD8 T cells in MS disease activity Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 2023, 120: e2207291120. PMID: 36634138, PMCID: PMC9934304, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2207291120.
- Peters J, Longbrake E. Infection risk in a real-world cohort of patients treated with long-term B-cell depletion for autoimmune neurologic disease Multiple Sclerosis And Related Disorders 2022, 68: 104400. DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.104400.
- Freeman L, Longbrake E, Coyle P, Hendin B, Vollmer T. High-Efficacy Therapies for Treatment-Naïve Individuals with Relapsing–Remitting Multiple Sclerosis CNS Drugs 2022, 36: 1285-1299. PMID: 36350491, PMCID: PMC9645316, DOI: 10.1007/s40263-022-00965-7.
- Peters J, Longbrake E. Infection risk in a real-world cohort of patients treated with long-term B-cell depletion for autoimmune neurologic disease Multiple Sclerosis And Related Disorders 2022, 68: 104400. PMID: 36544307, DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.104400.
- Asashima H, Axisa PP, Pham THG, Longbrake EE, Ruff WE, Lele N, Cohen I, Raddassi K, Sumida TS, Hafler DA. Impaired TIGIT expression on B cells drives circulating follicular helper T cell expansion in multiple sclerosis Journal Of Clinical Investigation 2022, 132: e156254. PMID: 36250467, PMCID: PMC9566906, DOI: 10.1172/jci156254.
- Jakimovski D, Kavak KS, Longbrake EE, Levit E, Perrone CM, Bar-Or A, Benedict RH, Riley CS, De Jager PL, Venkatesh S, Walker ELS, Xia Z, Weinstock-Guttman B, Collaborative M. Impact of resilience, social support, and personality traits in patients with neuroinflammatory diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic Multiple Sclerosis And Related Disorders 2022, 68: 104235. PMID: 36283322, PMCID: PMC9548342, DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.104235.
- Riley CS, Venkatesh S, Dhand A, Doshi N, Kavak K, Levit EE, Perrone C, Weinstock-Guttman B, Longbrake EE, De Jager PL, Xia Z. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Personal Networks and Neurological Outcomes of People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Case-Control Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Analysis. MedRxiv : The Preprint Server For Health Sciences 2022 PMID: 36203554, PMCID: PMC9536025, DOI: 10.1101/2022.08.17.22278896.
- Kim D, Biancon G, Bai Z, VanOudenhove J, Liu Y, Kothari S, Gowda L, Kwan JM, Buitrago-Pocasangre NC, Lele N, Asashima H, Racke MK, Wilson JE, Givens TS, Tomayko MM, Schulz WL, Longbrake EE, Hafler DA, Halene S, Fan R. Microfluidic immuno-serology assay revealed a limited diversity of protection against COVID-19 in patients with altered immunity. BioRxiv : The Preprint Server For Biology 2022 PMID: 36093346, PMCID: PMC9460970, DOI: 10.1101/2022.08.31.506117.
- Peters J, Cohen J, Corboy J, Hopkins S, Le H. Hua, Kakara M, McFaul D, Obeidat A, Yadav V, Longbrake E. Curriculum Innovations: Virtual Didactics as a Tool for Harmonizing Education About Rare Topics in Neuroimmunology Neurology Education 2022, 1: e200008. DOI: 10.1212/ne9.0000000000200008.
- Pitt D, Lo CH, Gauthier SA, Hickman RA, Longbrake E, Airas LM, Mao-Draayer Y, Riley C, De Jager PL, Wesley S, Boster A, Topalli I, Bagnato F, Mansoor M, Stuve O, Kister I, Pelletier D, Stathopoulos P, Dutta R, Lincoln MR. Toward Precision Phenotyping of Multiple Sclerosis Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation 2022, 9: e200025. PMID: 36041861, PMCID: PMC9427000, DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200025.
- Longbrake EE, Hua LH, Mowry EM, Gauthier SA, Alvarez E, Cross AH, Pei J, Priest J, Raposo C, Hafler DA, Winger RC. The CELLO trial: Protocol of a planned phase 4 study to assess the efficacy of Ocrelizumab in patients with radiologically isolated syndrome Multiple Sclerosis And Related Disorders 2022, 68: 104143. PMID: 36031693, PMCID: PMC9772048, DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.104143.
- Daboul L, O'Donnell CM, Cao Q, Amin M, Rodrigues P, Derbyshire J, Azevedo C, Bar-Or A, Caverzasi E, Calabresi P, Cree BAC, Freeman L, Henry RG, Longbrake EE, Nakamura K, Oh J, Papinutto N, Pelletier D, Samudralwar RD, Suthiphosuwan S, Schindler MK, Sotirchos ES, Sicotte NL, Solomon AJ, Shinohara RT, Reich DS, Ontaneda D, Sati P. Effect of GBCA Use on Detection and Diagnostic Performance of the Central Vein Sign: Evaluation Using a 3-T FLAIR* Sequence in Patients With Suspected Multiple Sclerosis. American Journal Of Roentgenology 2022, 220: 115-125. PMID: 35975888, PMCID: PMC10016223, DOI: 10.2214/ajr.22.27731.
- Huang YT, Giacomini PS, Massie R, Venkateswaran S, Trudelle AM, Fadda G, Sharifian-Dorche M, Boudjani H, Poliquin-Lasnier L, Airas L, Saveriano AW, Ziller MG, Miller E, Martinez-Rios C, Wilson N, Davila J, Rush C, Longbrake EE, Longoni G, Macaron G, Bernard G, Tampieri D, Antel J, Brais B, La Piana R. The White Matter Rounds experience: The importance of a multidisciplinary network to accelerate the diagnostic process for adult patients with rare white matter disorders Frontiers In Neurology 2022, 13: 928493. PMID: 35959404, PMCID: PMC9359417, DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.928493.
- Levit E, Cohen I, Dahl M, Edwards K, Weinstock-Guttman B, Ishikawa T, Kavak K, Leavitt V, Nelson K, Onomichi K, Bar-Or A, Perrone C, Riley C, Venkatesh S, De Jager PL, Xia Z, Longbrake EE, Collaborative M. Worsening physical functioning in patients with neuroinflammatory disease during the COVID-19 pandemic Multiple Sclerosis And Related Disorders 2022, 58: 103482. PMID: 35016114, PMCID: PMC8742609, DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103482.
- Epstein S, Xia Z, Lee AJ, Dahl M, Edwards K, Levit E, Longbrake EE, Perrone C, Kavak K, Weinstock-Guttman B, Diallo F, Ricci A, Riley CS, De Jager PL, Farber R, Wesley SF, Collaborative M. Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2 in Neuroinflammatory Disease: Early Safety/Tolerability Data Multiple Sclerosis And Related Disorders 2021, 57: 103433. PMID: 34923427, PMCID: PMC8638239, DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103433.
- Longbrake EE, Hafler DA. 23Na imaging: Worth its salt for understanding multiple sclerosis Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 2021, 118: e2110799118. PMID: 34376559, PMCID: PMC8379906, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110799118.
- Money KM, Mahatoo A, Samaan S, Anand P, Baber U, Bailey M, Bakshi R, Bouley A, Bower A, Cahill J, Houtchens M, Katz J, Lathi E, Levit E, Longbrake EE, McAdams M, Napoli S, Raibagkar P, Wade P, Sloane JA. A New England COVID-19 Registry of Patients With CNS Demyelinating Disease: A Pilot Analysis Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation 2021, 8: e1046. PMID: 34341094, PMCID: PMC8362350, DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001046.
- Gardin T, Longbrake EE. The Role of Immune Checkpoint Therapy in Propagating Neurologic Immune-Related Adverse Events: Inducing or "Unmasking" Autoimmunity? Neurology 2021, 96: 733-734. PMID: 33727404, DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000011812.
- Peters J, Alhasan S, Vogels CBF, Grubaugh ND, Farhadian S, Longbrake EE. MOG-associated encephalitis following SARS-COV-2 Infection Multiple Sclerosis And Related Disorders 2021, 50: 102857. PMID: 33647592, PMCID: PMC7900751, DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.102857.
- Levin SN, Venkatesh S, Nelson KE, Li Y, Aguerre I, Zhu W, Masown K, Rimmer KT, Diaconu CI, Onomichi KB, Leavitt VM, Levine LL, Strauss‐Farber R, Vargas WS, Banwell B, Bar‐Or A, Berger JR, Goodman AD, Longbrake EE, Oh J, Weinstock‐Guttman B, Thakur KT, Edwards KR, Riley CS, Xia Z, De Jager PL, Collaborative M. Manifestations and impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic in neuroinflammatory diseases Annals Of Clinical And Translational Neurology 2021, 8: 918-928. PMID: 33616290, PMCID: PMC8013889, DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51314.
- Cohen I, Ruff WE, Longbrake EE. Influence of immunomodulatory drugs on the gut microbiota Translational Research 2021, 233: 144-161. PMID: 33515779, PMCID: PMC8184576, DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.01.009.
- Yu AW, Pecsok M, Longbrake EE, Wesley SF. Neuroinflammation Associated With Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Inhibitor Exposure. Neurology Clinical Practice 2020, 11: e488-e496. PMID: 34484946, PMCID: PMC8382406, DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000001014.
- Longbrake EE, Mao-Draayer Y, Cascione M, Zielinski T, Bame E, Brassat D, Chen C, Kapadia S, Mendoza JP, Miller C, Parks B, Xing D, Robertson D. Dimethyl fumarate treatment shifts the immune environment toward an anti-inflammatory cell profile while maintaining protective humoral immunity Multiple Sclerosis Journal 2020, 27: 883-894. PMID: 32716690, PMCID: PMC8023410, DOI: 10.1177/1352458520937282.
- Gluck L, Hernandez AL, Wesley SF, Fulbright RK, Longbrake EE, Stathopoulos P. Therapeutic considerations in a case of progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus Journal Of The Neurological Sciences 2020, 416: 116993. PMID: 32593886, PMCID: PMC8023411, DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116993.
- Hua LH, Obeidat AZ, Longbrake EE. Outcomes and future directions for neuroimmunology/multiple sclerosis fellowship training: Survey of recent trainees Multiple Sclerosis And Related Disorders 2020, 44: 102296. PMID: 32585616, PMCID: PMC8023409, DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102296.
- Obeidat AZ, Jassam YN, Hua LH, Cutter G, Ford CC, Halper J, Lisak RP, Sicotte NL, Longbrake EE. Education Research: Multiple sclerosis and neuroimmunology fellowship training status in the United States Neurology 2020, 94: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000009096. PMID: 32107321, PMCID: PMC9246053, DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000009096.
- Krysko KM, Graves JS, Dobson R, Altintas A, Amato MP, Bernard J, Bonavita S, Bove R, Cavalla P, Clerico M, Corona T, Doshi A, Fragoso Y, Jacobs D, Jokubaitis V, Landi D, Llamosa G, Longbrake EE, Maillart E, Marta M, Midaglia L, Shah S, Tintore M, van der Walt A, Voskuhl R, Wang Y, Zabad RK, Zeydan B, Houtchens M, Hellwig K. Sex effects across the lifespan in women with multiple sclerosis Therapeutic Advances In Neurological Disorders 2020, 13: 1756286420936166. PMID: 32655689, PMCID: PMC7331774, DOI: 10.1177/1756286420936166.
- Choileáin SN, Kleinewietfeld M, Raddassi K, Hafler DA, Ruff WE, Longbrake EE. CXCR3+ T cells in multiple sclerosis correlate with reduced diversity of the gut microbiome Journal Of Translational Autoimmunity 2019, 3: 100032. PMID: 32743517, PMCID: PMC7388357, DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2019.100032.
- Longbrake EE, Hafler DA. Siponimod Chips Away at Progressive MS Cell 2019, 179: 1440. PMID: 31951523, PMCID: PMC8023412, DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.034.
- Abulaban A, Hafler D, Longbrake E. CHAPTER 2 Genetics of Multiple Sclerosis 2019, 33-54. DOI: 10.1039/9781788016070-00033.
- Dominguez M, DiCapua D, Leydon G, Loomis C, Longbrake EE, Schaefer SM, Becker KP, Detyniecki K, Gottschalk C, Salardini A, Encandela JA, Moeller JJ. A Neurology Clerkship Curriculum Using Video-Based Lectures and Just-in-Time Teaching (JiTT) MedEdPORTAL 2018, 14: 10691. PMID: 30800891, PMCID: PMC6342385, DOI: 10.15766/mep_2374-8265.10691.
- Longbrake EE, Kantor D, Pawate S, Bradshaw MJ, von Geldern G, Chahin S, Cross AH, Parks BJ, Rice M, Khoury SJ, Yamout B, Zeineddine M, Russell-Giller S, Caminero-Rodriguez A, Edwards K, Lathi E, VanderKodde D, Meador W, Berkovich R, Ge L, Bacon TE, Kister I. Effectiveness of alternative dose fingolimod for multiple sclerosis Neurology Clinical Practice 2018, 8: 102-107. PMID: 29708225, PMCID: PMC5914753, DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000000434.
- Baldassari LE, Salter AR, Longbrake EE, Cross AH, Naismith RT. Streamlined EDSS for use in multiple sclerosis clinical practice: Development and cross-sectional comparison to EDSS Multiple Sclerosis Journal 2017, 24: 1347-1355. PMID: 28766993, DOI: 10.1177/1352458517721357.
- Longbrake EE, Cantoni C, Chahin S, Cignarella F, Cross AH, Piccio L. Dimethyl fumarate induces changes in B- and T-lymphocyte function independent of the effects on absolute lymphocyte count Multiple Sclerosis Journal 2017, 24: 728-738. PMID: 28480794, PMCID: PMC5665729, DOI: 10.1177/1352458517707069.
- Longbrake EE, Lancia S, Tutlam N, Trinkaus K, Naismith RT. Quantitative visual tests after poorly recovered optic neuritis due to multiple sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis And Related Disorders 2016, 10: 198-203. PMID: 27919490, PMCID: PMC5392253, DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2016.10.009.
- Solomon AJ, Bourdette DN, Cross AH, Applebee A, Skidd PM, Howard DB, Spain RI, Cameron MH, Kim E, Mass MK, Yadav V, Whitham RH, Longbrake EE, Naismith RT, Wu GF, Parks BJ, Wingerchuk DM, Rabin BL, Toledano M, Tobin WO, Kantarci OH, Carter JL, Keegan BM, Weinshenker BG. The contemporary spectrum of multiple sclerosis misdiagnosis Neurology 2016, 87: 1393-1399. PMID: 27581217, PMCID: PMC5047038, DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000003152.
- Longbrake EE, Hafler DA. Linking Genotype to Clinical Phenotype in Multiple Sclerosis: In Search of the Holy Grail JAMA Neurology 2016, 73: 777-8. PMID: 27244583, PMCID: PMC5198230, DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.1227.
- Wu GF, Longbrake EE. An older dog with newer tricks: Predicting efficacy of IFN-β treatment for multiple sclerosis Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation 2016, 3: e218. PMID: 27110589, PMCID: PMC4830190, DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000218.
- Longbrake EE, Cross AH. Effect of Multiple Sclerosis Disease-Modifying Therapies on B Cells and Humoral Immunity JAMA Neurology 2016, 73: 1-7. PMID: 26720195, DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.3977.
- Longbrake EE, Cross AH, Salter A. Efficacy and tolerability of oral versus injectable disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis in clinical practice Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental Translational And Clinical 2016, 2: 2055217316677868. PMID: 28280599, PMCID: PMC5340186, DOI: 10.1177/2055217316677868.
- Longbrake E, Ramsbottom M, Cantoni C, Ghezzi L, Cross A, Piccio L. Dimethyl fumarate selectively reduces memory T cells in multiple sclerosis patients Multiple Sclerosis Journal 2015, 22: 1061-1070. PMID: 26459150, PMCID: PMC4829494, DOI: 10.1177/1352458515608961.
- Longbrake EE, Naismith RT, Parks BJ, Wu GF, Cross AH. Dimethyl fumarate-associated lymphopenia: Risk factors and clinical significance Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental Translational And Clinical 2015, 1: 2055217315596994. PMID: 26550483, PMCID: PMC4636217, DOI: 10.1177/2055217315596994.
- Longbrake EE, Cross AH. Dimethyl fumarate associated lymphopenia in clinical practice Multiple Sclerosis Journal 2014, 21: 796-797. PMID: 25432948, PMCID: PMC4426020, DOI: 10.1177/1352458514559299.
- Longbrake EE, Parks BJ, Cross AH. Monoclonal Antibodies as Disease Modifying Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis Current Neurology And Neuroscience Reports 2013, 13: 390. PMID: 24027005, PMCID: PMC3967547, DOI: 10.1007/s11910-013-0390-z.
- Longbrake EE, Ances BM, Viets RB, Clifford DB. Susac syndrome in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection Journal Of NeuroVirology 2013, 19: 270-273. PMID: 23690260, PMCID: PMC4582780, DOI: 10.1007/s13365-013-0164-z.
- Donnelly DJ, Longbrake EE, Shawler TM, Kigerl KA, Lai W, Tovar CA, Ransohoff RM, Popovich PG. Deficient CX3CR1 Signaling Promotes Recovery after Mouse Spinal Cord Injury by Limiting the Recruitment and Activation of Ly6Clo/iNOS+ Macrophages Journal Of Neuroscience 2011, 31: 9910-9922. PMID: 21734283, PMCID: PMC3139517, DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2114-11.2011.
- Longbrake EE, Racke MK. Why did IL-12/IL-23 antibody therapy fail in multiple sclerosis? Expert Review Of Neurotherapeutics 2009, 9: 319-321. PMID: 19271940, DOI: 10.1586/14737175.9.3.319.
- Popovich PG, Longbrake EE. Can the immune system be harnessed to repair the CNS? Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2008, 9: 481-493. PMID: 18490917, DOI: 10.1038/nrn2398.
- Detloff MR, Fisher LC, McGaughy V, Longbrake EE, Popovich PG, Basso DM. Remote activation of microglia and pro-inflammatory cytokines predict the onset and severity of below-level neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury in rats Experimental Neurology 2008, 212: 337-347. PMID: 18511041, PMCID: PMC2600773, DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.04.009.
- Holmes FE, Arnott N, Vanderplank P, Kerr NC, Longbrake EE, Popovich PG, Imai T, Combadière C, Murphy PM, Wynick D. Intra‐neural administration of fractalkine attenuates neuropathic pain‐related behaviour Journal Of Neurochemistry 2008, 106: 640-649. PMID: 18410510, PMCID: PMC2726982, DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05419.x.
- Longbrake EE, Lai W, Ankeny DP, Popovich PG. Characterization and modeling of monocyte‐derived macrophages after spinal cord injury Journal Of Neurochemistry 2007, 102: 1083-1094. PMID: 17663750, DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04617.x.
- Detlof M, Fisher L, McGaughy V, Longbrake E, Popovich P, Basso D. REMOTE MICROGLIAL ACTIVATION AND THE PRODUCTION OF PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES PREDICTS THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN AFTER SPINAL CORD INJURY Journal Of Neurologic Physical Therapy 2006, 30: 202. DOI: 10.1097/01.npt.0000281277.85517.ec.
Biography
Erin Longbrake, MD, PhD, is a neurologist who specializes in neuro-immune diseases, including multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, and autoimmune encephalitis.
Dr. Longbrake earned combined MD/PhD degrees at Ohio State University, followed by a neurology residency at Washington University. In 2016, she joined the Yale faculty.
Dr. Longbrake’s interest in neuro-immunology stems from the rapid rate at which the field is changing. “When I was first starting to train, we were told that the immune system didn’t impact the brain, and now we know that couldn’t be further from the truth,” she says. She enjoys being a part of a field that is constantly developing new treatments and discovering new science.
As a neuro-immunologist, Dr. Longbrake develops long-term relationships with her patients. “We take care of people throughout the course of their disease, which means I have patients who first started coming to me in their late teens or early 20s and I continue to see them throughout their whole life,” she says. As a result, Dr. Longbrake gets to know her patients’ families and takes them into account when developing a treatment plan.
Dr. Longbrake’s approach to treating multiple sclerosis is to use the most aggressive treatments as soon as the diagnosis is confirmed. “We want to prevent future brain damage and keep the brain as intact as possible,” she says.
Dr. Longbrake also educates her patients about the nature of the disease. “At the beginning of the diagnosis, it’s particularly important to tell patients that it’s not the doomsday idea that this is going to put you in a wheelchair by the time you’re 30. We have good treatments,” she says.
In addition to treating patients, Dr. Longbrake conducts research on the biological mechanisms behind multiple sclerosis. She is an assistant professor of neurology at Yale School of Medicine.
Titles
- Assistant Professor of Neurology
- Director, Clinical Research, Neuroimmunology
- Director, Fellowship Program, Multiple Sclerosis & Other Inflammatory Brain Disease
Education & Training
- Multiple Sclerosis FellowWashington University (2016)
- MSWashington University, Clinical Investigation (2016)
- ResidentWashington University (2013)
- InternWashington University (2010)
- MD/PhDThe Ohio State University (2009)
- BACedarville University, Biology (2001)
Additional Information
- Sylvia Lawry Fellow: National Multiple Sclerosis Society (2013)
- Alpha Omega Alpha: The Ohio State University (2009)
- Annals of Neurology (2021 - Present): Associate Editor
- Journal of Neuroimmunology (2021 - Present): Editorial Board Member
- Neurology: Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation (2020 - Present): Editorial Board Member
- American Academy of Neurology (2019 - 2023): Topic Chair: MS & CNS Inflammatory Disease
- Ontaneda D, Sati P, Raza P, Kilbane M, Gombos E, Alvarez E, Azevedo C, Calabresi P, Cohen JA, Freeman L, Henry RG, Longbrake EE, Mitra N, Illenberger N, Schindler M, Moreno-Dominguez D, Ramos M, Mowry E, Oh J, Rodrigues P, Chahin S, Kaisey M, Waubant E, Cutter G, Shinohara R, Reich DS, Solomon A, Sicotte NL, Cooperative N. Central vein sign: A diagnostic biomarker in multiple sclerosis (CAVS-MS) study protocol for a prospective multicenter trial NeuroImage Clinical 2021, 32: 102834. PMID: 34592690, PMCID: PMC8482479, DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102834.
- Longbrake E. Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein–Associated Disorders CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning In Neurology 2022, 28: 1171-1193. PMID: 35938661, PMCID: PMC9523511, DOI: 10.1212/con.0000000000001127.
- Hua LH, Obeidat AZ, Amezcua L, Cohen JA, Costello K, Dunn J, Gelfand JM, Goldman MD, Hopkins S, Jeffery D, Krieger S, Newsome SD, Shah S, Sicotte NL, Yadav V, Longbrake EE. Consensus Curriculum for Fellowship Training in Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology. Neurology Clinical Practice 2021, 11: 352-357. PMID: 34484933, PMCID: PMC8382436, DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000001040.
- Shinoda K, Li R, Rezk A, Mexhitaj I, Patterson K, Kakara M, Zuroff L, Bennett J, von Büdingen H, Carruthers R, Edwards K, Fallis R, Giacomini P, Greenberg B, Hafler D, Ionete C, Kaunzner U, Lock C, Longbrake E, Pardo G, Piehl F, Weber M, Ziemssen T, Jacobs D, Gelfand J, Cross A, Cameron B, Musch B, Winger R, Jia X, Harp C, Herman A, Bar-Or A. Differential effects of anti-CD20 therapy on CD4 and CD8 T cells and implication of CD20-expressing CD8 T cells in MS disease activity Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 2023, 120: e2207291120. PMID: 36634138, PMCID: PMC9934304, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2207291120.
- Peters J, Longbrake E. Infection risk in a real-world cohort of patients treated with long-term B-cell depletion for autoimmune neurologic disease Multiple Sclerosis And Related Disorders 2022, 68: 104400. DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.104400.
- Freeman L, Longbrake E, Coyle P, Hendin B, Vollmer T. High-Efficacy Therapies for Treatment-Naïve Individuals with Relapsing–Remitting Multiple Sclerosis CNS Drugs 2022, 36: 1285-1299. PMID: 36350491, PMCID: PMC9645316, DOI: 10.1007/s40263-022-00965-7.
- Peters J, Longbrake E. Infection risk in a real-world cohort of patients treated with long-term B-cell depletion for autoimmune neurologic disease Multiple Sclerosis And Related Disorders 2022, 68: 104400. PMID: 36544307, DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.104400.
- Asashima H, Axisa PP, Pham THG, Longbrake EE, Ruff WE, Lele N, Cohen I, Raddassi K, Sumida TS, Hafler DA. Impaired TIGIT expression on B cells drives circulating follicular helper T cell expansion in multiple sclerosis Journal Of Clinical Investigation 2022, 132: e156254. PMID: 36250467, PMCID: PMC9566906, DOI: 10.1172/jci156254.
- Jakimovski D, Kavak KS, Longbrake EE, Levit E, Perrone CM, Bar-Or A, Benedict RH, Riley CS, De Jager PL, Venkatesh S, Walker ELS, Xia Z, Weinstock-Guttman B, Collaborative M. Impact of resilience, social support, and personality traits in patients with neuroinflammatory diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic Multiple Sclerosis And Related Disorders 2022, 68: 104235. PMID: 36283322, PMCID: PMC9548342, DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.104235.
- Riley CS, Venkatesh S, Dhand A, Doshi N, Kavak K, Levit EE, Perrone C, Weinstock-Guttman B, Longbrake EE, De Jager PL, Xia Z. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Personal Networks and Neurological Outcomes of People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Case-Control Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Analysis. MedRxiv : The Preprint Server For Health Sciences 2022 PMID: 36203554, PMCID: PMC9536025, DOI: 10.1101/2022.08.17.22278896.
- Kim D, Biancon G, Bai Z, VanOudenhove J, Liu Y, Kothari S, Gowda L, Kwan JM, Buitrago-Pocasangre NC, Lele N, Asashima H, Racke MK, Wilson JE, Givens TS, Tomayko MM, Schulz WL, Longbrake EE, Hafler DA, Halene S, Fan R. Microfluidic immuno-serology assay revealed a limited diversity of protection against COVID-19 in patients with altered immunity. BioRxiv : The Preprint Server For Biology 2022 PMID: 36093346, PMCID: PMC9460970, DOI: 10.1101/2022.08.31.506117.
- Peters J, Cohen J, Corboy J, Hopkins S, Le H. Hua, Kakara M, McFaul D, Obeidat A, Yadav V, Longbrake E. Curriculum Innovations: Virtual Didactics as a Tool for Harmonizing Education About Rare Topics in Neuroimmunology Neurology Education 2022, 1: e200008. DOI: 10.1212/ne9.0000000000200008.
- Pitt D, Lo CH, Gauthier SA, Hickman RA, Longbrake E, Airas LM, Mao-Draayer Y, Riley C, De Jager PL, Wesley S, Boster A, Topalli I, Bagnato F, Mansoor M, Stuve O, Kister I, Pelletier D, Stathopoulos P, Dutta R, Lincoln MR. Toward Precision Phenotyping of Multiple Sclerosis Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation 2022, 9: e200025. PMID: 36041861, PMCID: PMC9427000, DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200025.
- Longbrake EE, Hua LH, Mowry EM, Gauthier SA, Alvarez E, Cross AH, Pei J, Priest J, Raposo C, Hafler DA, Winger RC. The CELLO trial: Protocol of a planned phase 4 study to assess the efficacy of Ocrelizumab in patients with radiologically isolated syndrome Multiple Sclerosis And Related Disorders 2022, 68: 104143. PMID: 36031693, PMCID: PMC9772048, DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.104143.
- Daboul L, O'Donnell CM, Cao Q, Amin M, Rodrigues P, Derbyshire J, Azevedo C, Bar-Or A, Caverzasi E, Calabresi P, Cree BAC, Freeman L, Henry RG, Longbrake EE, Nakamura K, Oh J, Papinutto N, Pelletier D, Samudralwar RD, Suthiphosuwan S, Schindler MK, Sotirchos ES, Sicotte NL, Solomon AJ, Shinohara RT, Reich DS, Ontaneda D, Sati P. Effect of GBCA Use on Detection and Diagnostic Performance of the Central Vein Sign: Evaluation Using a 3-T FLAIR* Sequence in Patients With Suspected Multiple Sclerosis. American Journal Of Roentgenology 2022, 220: 115-125. PMID: 35975888, PMCID: PMC10016223, DOI: 10.2214/ajr.22.27731.
- Huang YT, Giacomini PS, Massie R, Venkateswaran S, Trudelle AM, Fadda G, Sharifian-Dorche M, Boudjani H, Poliquin-Lasnier L, Airas L, Saveriano AW, Ziller MG, Miller E, Martinez-Rios C, Wilson N, Davila J, Rush C, Longbrake EE, Longoni G, Macaron G, Bernard G, Tampieri D, Antel J, Brais B, La Piana R. The White Matter Rounds experience: The importance of a multidisciplinary network to accelerate the diagnostic process for adult patients with rare white matter disorders Frontiers In Neurology 2022, 13: 928493. PMID: 35959404, PMCID: PMC9359417, DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.928493.
- Levit E, Cohen I, Dahl M, Edwards K, Weinstock-Guttman B, Ishikawa T, Kavak K, Leavitt V, Nelson K, Onomichi K, Bar-Or A, Perrone C, Riley C, Venkatesh S, De Jager PL, Xia Z, Longbrake EE, Collaborative M. Worsening physical functioning in patients with neuroinflammatory disease during the COVID-19 pandemic Multiple Sclerosis And Related Disorders 2022, 58: 103482. PMID: 35016114, PMCID: PMC8742609, DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103482.
- Epstein S, Xia Z, Lee AJ, Dahl M, Edwards K, Levit E, Longbrake EE, Perrone C, Kavak K, Weinstock-Guttman B, Diallo F, Ricci A, Riley CS, De Jager PL, Farber R, Wesley SF, Collaborative M. Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2 in Neuroinflammatory Disease: Early Safety/Tolerability Data Multiple Sclerosis And Related Disorders 2021, 57: 103433. PMID: 34923427, PMCID: PMC8638239, DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103433.
- Longbrake EE, Hafler DA. 23Na imaging: Worth its salt for understanding multiple sclerosis Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 2021, 118: e2110799118. PMID: 34376559, PMCID: PMC8379906, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110799118.
- Money KM, Mahatoo A, Samaan S, Anand P, Baber U, Bailey M, Bakshi R, Bouley A, Bower A, Cahill J, Houtchens M, Katz J, Lathi E, Levit E, Longbrake EE, McAdams M, Napoli S, Raibagkar P, Wade P, Sloane JA. A New England COVID-19 Registry of Patients With CNS Demyelinating Disease: A Pilot Analysis Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation 2021, 8: e1046. PMID: 34341094, PMCID: PMC8362350, DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001046.
- Gardin T, Longbrake EE. The Role of Immune Checkpoint Therapy in Propagating Neurologic Immune-Related Adverse Events: Inducing or "Unmasking" Autoimmunity? Neurology 2021, 96: 733-734. PMID: 33727404, DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000011812.
- Peters J, Alhasan S, Vogels CBF, Grubaugh ND, Farhadian S, Longbrake EE. MOG-associated encephalitis following SARS-COV-2 Infection Multiple Sclerosis And Related Disorders 2021, 50: 102857. PMID: 33647592, PMCID: PMC7900751, DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.102857.
- Levin SN, Venkatesh S, Nelson KE, Li Y, Aguerre I, Zhu W, Masown K, Rimmer KT, Diaconu CI, Onomichi KB, Leavitt VM, Levine LL, Strauss‐Farber R, Vargas WS, Banwell B, Bar‐Or A, Berger JR, Goodman AD, Longbrake EE, Oh J, Weinstock‐Guttman B, Thakur KT, Edwards KR, Riley CS, Xia Z, De Jager PL, Collaborative M. Manifestations and impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic in neuroinflammatory diseases Annals Of Clinical And Translational Neurology 2021, 8: 918-928. PMID: 33616290, PMCID: PMC8013889, DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51314.
- Cohen I, Ruff WE, Longbrake EE. Influence of immunomodulatory drugs on the gut microbiota Translational Research 2021, 233: 144-161. PMID: 33515779, PMCID: PMC8184576, DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.01.009.
- Yu AW, Pecsok M, Longbrake EE, Wesley SF. Neuroinflammation Associated With Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Inhibitor Exposure. Neurology Clinical Practice 2020, 11: e488-e496. PMID: 34484946, PMCID: PMC8382406, DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000001014.
- Longbrake EE, Mao-Draayer Y, Cascione M, Zielinski T, Bame E, Brassat D, Chen C, Kapadia S, Mendoza JP, Miller C, Parks B, Xing D, Robertson D. Dimethyl fumarate treatment shifts the immune environment toward an anti-inflammatory cell profile while maintaining protective humoral immunity Multiple Sclerosis Journal 2020, 27: 883-894. PMID: 32716690, PMCID: PMC8023410, DOI: 10.1177/1352458520937282.
- Gluck L, Hernandez AL, Wesley SF, Fulbright RK, Longbrake EE, Stathopoulos P. Therapeutic considerations in a case of progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus Journal Of The Neurological Sciences 2020, 416: 116993. PMID: 32593886, PMCID: PMC8023411, DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116993.
- Hua LH, Obeidat AZ, Longbrake EE. Outcomes and future directions for neuroimmunology/multiple sclerosis fellowship training: Survey of recent trainees Multiple Sclerosis And Related Disorders 2020, 44: 102296. PMID: 32585616, PMCID: PMC8023409, DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102296.
- Obeidat AZ, Jassam YN, Hua LH, Cutter G, Ford CC, Halper J, Lisak RP, Sicotte NL, Longbrake EE. Education Research: Multiple sclerosis and neuroimmunology fellowship training status in the United States Neurology 2020, 94: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000009096. PMID: 32107321, PMCID: PMC9246053, DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000009096.
- Krysko KM, Graves JS, Dobson R, Altintas A, Amato MP, Bernard J, Bonavita S, Bove R, Cavalla P, Clerico M, Corona T, Doshi A, Fragoso Y, Jacobs D, Jokubaitis V, Landi D, Llamosa G, Longbrake EE, Maillart E, Marta M, Midaglia L, Shah S, Tintore M, van der Walt A, Voskuhl R, Wang Y, Zabad RK, Zeydan B, Houtchens M, Hellwig K. Sex effects across the lifespan in women with multiple sclerosis Therapeutic Advances In Neurological Disorders 2020, 13: 1756286420936166. PMID: 32655689, PMCID: PMC7331774, DOI: 10.1177/1756286420936166.
- Choileáin SN, Kleinewietfeld M, Raddassi K, Hafler DA, Ruff WE, Longbrake EE. CXCR3+ T cells in multiple sclerosis correlate with reduced diversity of the gut microbiome Journal Of Translational Autoimmunity 2019, 3: 100032. PMID: 32743517, PMCID: PMC7388357, DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2019.100032.
- Longbrake EE, Hafler DA. Siponimod Chips Away at Progressive MS Cell 2019, 179: 1440. PMID: 31951523, PMCID: PMC8023412, DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.034.
- Abulaban A, Hafler D, Longbrake E. CHAPTER 2 Genetics of Multiple Sclerosis 2019, 33-54. DOI: 10.1039/9781788016070-00033.
- Dominguez M, DiCapua D, Leydon G, Loomis C, Longbrake EE, Schaefer SM, Becker KP, Detyniecki K, Gottschalk C, Salardini A, Encandela JA, Moeller JJ. A Neurology Clerkship Curriculum Using Video-Based Lectures and Just-in-Time Teaching (JiTT) MedEdPORTAL 2018, 14: 10691. PMID: 30800891, PMCID: PMC6342385, DOI: 10.15766/mep_2374-8265.10691.
- Longbrake EE, Kantor D, Pawate S, Bradshaw MJ, von Geldern G, Chahin S, Cross AH, Parks BJ, Rice M, Khoury SJ, Yamout B, Zeineddine M, Russell-Giller S, Caminero-Rodriguez A, Edwards K, Lathi E, VanderKodde D, Meador W, Berkovich R, Ge L, Bacon TE, Kister I. Effectiveness of alternative dose fingolimod for multiple sclerosis Neurology Clinical Practice 2018, 8: 102-107. PMID: 29708225, PMCID: PMC5914753, DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000000434.
- Baldassari LE, Salter AR, Longbrake EE, Cross AH, Naismith RT. Streamlined EDSS for use in multiple sclerosis clinical practice: Development and cross-sectional comparison to EDSS Multiple Sclerosis Journal 2017, 24: 1347-1355. PMID: 28766993, DOI: 10.1177/1352458517721357.
- Longbrake EE, Cantoni C, Chahin S, Cignarella F, Cross AH, Piccio L. Dimethyl fumarate induces changes in B- and T-lymphocyte function independent of the effects on absolute lymphocyte count Multiple Sclerosis Journal 2017, 24: 728-738. PMID: 28480794, PMCID: PMC5665729, DOI: 10.1177/1352458517707069.
- Longbrake EE, Lancia S, Tutlam N, Trinkaus K, Naismith RT. Quantitative visual tests after poorly recovered optic neuritis due to multiple sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis And Related Disorders 2016, 10: 198-203. PMID: 27919490, PMCID: PMC5392253, DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2016.10.009.
- Solomon AJ, Bourdette DN, Cross AH, Applebee A, Skidd PM, Howard DB, Spain RI, Cameron MH, Kim E, Mass MK, Yadav V, Whitham RH, Longbrake EE, Naismith RT, Wu GF, Parks BJ, Wingerchuk DM, Rabin BL, Toledano M, Tobin WO, Kantarci OH, Carter JL, Keegan BM, Weinshenker BG. The contemporary spectrum of multiple sclerosis misdiagnosis Neurology 2016, 87: 1393-1399. PMID: 27581217, PMCID: PMC5047038, DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000003152.
- Longbrake EE, Hafler DA. Linking Genotype to Clinical Phenotype in Multiple Sclerosis: In Search of the Holy Grail JAMA Neurology 2016, 73: 777-8. PMID: 27244583, PMCID: PMC5198230, DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.1227.
- Wu GF, Longbrake EE. An older dog with newer tricks: Predicting efficacy of IFN-β treatment for multiple sclerosis Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation 2016, 3: e218. PMID: 27110589, PMCID: PMC4830190, DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000218.
- Longbrake EE, Cross AH. Effect of Multiple Sclerosis Disease-Modifying Therapies on B Cells and Humoral Immunity JAMA Neurology 2016, 73: 1-7. PMID: 26720195, DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.3977.
- Longbrake EE, Cross AH, Salter A. Efficacy and tolerability of oral versus injectable disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis in clinical practice Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental Translational And Clinical 2016, 2: 2055217316677868. PMID: 28280599, PMCID: PMC5340186, DOI: 10.1177/2055217316677868.
- Longbrake E, Ramsbottom M, Cantoni C, Ghezzi L, Cross A, Piccio L. Dimethyl fumarate selectively reduces memory T cells in multiple sclerosis patients Multiple Sclerosis Journal 2015, 22: 1061-1070. PMID: 26459150, PMCID: PMC4829494, DOI: 10.1177/1352458515608961.
- Longbrake EE, Naismith RT, Parks BJ, Wu GF, Cross AH. Dimethyl fumarate-associated lymphopenia: Risk factors and clinical significance Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental Translational And Clinical 2015, 1: 2055217315596994. PMID: 26550483, PMCID: PMC4636217, DOI: 10.1177/2055217315596994.
- Longbrake EE, Cross AH. Dimethyl fumarate associated lymphopenia in clinical practice Multiple Sclerosis Journal 2014, 21: 796-797. PMID: 25432948, PMCID: PMC4426020, DOI: 10.1177/1352458514559299.
- Longbrake EE, Parks BJ, Cross AH. Monoclonal Antibodies as Disease Modifying Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis Current Neurology And Neuroscience Reports 2013, 13: 390. PMID: 24027005, PMCID: PMC3967547, DOI: 10.1007/s11910-013-0390-z.
- Longbrake EE, Ances BM, Viets RB, Clifford DB. Susac syndrome in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection Journal Of NeuroVirology 2013, 19: 270-273. PMID: 23690260, PMCID: PMC4582780, DOI: 10.1007/s13365-013-0164-z.
- Donnelly DJ, Longbrake EE, Shawler TM, Kigerl KA, Lai W, Tovar CA, Ransohoff RM, Popovich PG. Deficient CX3CR1 Signaling Promotes Recovery after Mouse Spinal Cord Injury by Limiting the Recruitment and Activation of Ly6Clo/iNOS+ Macrophages Journal Of Neuroscience 2011, 31: 9910-9922. PMID: 21734283, PMCID: PMC3139517, DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2114-11.2011.
- Longbrake EE, Racke MK. Why did IL-12/IL-23 antibody therapy fail in multiple sclerosis? Expert Review Of Neurotherapeutics 2009, 9: 319-321. PMID: 19271940, DOI: 10.1586/14737175.9.3.319.
- Popovich PG, Longbrake EE. Can the immune system be harnessed to repair the CNS? Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2008, 9: 481-493. PMID: 18490917, DOI: 10.1038/nrn2398.
- Detloff MR, Fisher LC, McGaughy V, Longbrake EE, Popovich PG, Basso DM. Remote activation of microglia and pro-inflammatory cytokines predict the onset and severity of below-level neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury in rats Experimental Neurology 2008, 212: 337-347. PMID: 18511041, PMCID: PMC2600773, DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.04.009.
- Holmes FE, Arnott N, Vanderplank P, Kerr NC, Longbrake EE, Popovich PG, Imai T, Combadière C, Murphy PM, Wynick D. Intra‐neural administration of fractalkine attenuates neuropathic pain‐related behaviour Journal Of Neurochemistry 2008, 106: 640-649. PMID: 18410510, PMCID: PMC2726982, DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05419.x.
- Longbrake EE, Lai W, Ankeny DP, Popovich PG. Characterization and modeling of monocyte‐derived macrophages after spinal cord injury Journal Of Neurochemistry 2007, 102: 1083-1094. PMID: 17663750, DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04617.x.
- Detlof M, Fisher L, McGaughy V, Longbrake E, Popovich P, Basso D. REMOTE MICROGLIAL ACTIVATION AND THE PRODUCTION OF PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES PREDICTS THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN AFTER SPINAL CORD INJURY Journal Of Neurologic Physical Therapy 2006, 30: 202. DOI: 10.1097/01.npt.0000281277.85517.ec.
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