Insoo Kang, MD
Rheumatology
Telehealth is available
Patient type treated
Adult
Accepting new patients
Yes
Referral required
From physicians only
Board Certified in
Internal Medicine and Rheumatology
Biography
Insoo Kang, MD, treats patients suffering from rheumatic diseases. He specializes in treating various forms of arthritis, mixed connective tissue diseases and systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue.
He routinely assures patients that “with the advancements in treatments, many of rheumatic diseases can be largely controlled as we do for hypertension and diabetes.” Dr. Kang, an associate professor of medicine (rheumatology) at Yale School of Medicine.
Titles
- Professor
- Director of Allergy & Immunology, Internal Medicine
Education & Training
- FellowYale University School of Medicine (1997)
- ResidentYale Affiliated Program at Hospital of Saint Raphael (1994)
- MDHallym University (1990)
Languages Spoken
- English
- 한국어 (Korean)
Additional Information
Board Certifications
- AB of Internal Medicine, Rheumatology (1996, recertified: 2016)
- AB of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine (1994, recertified: 2014)
Publications
- Park H, Shin M, Shin J, Kim H, Kang B, Par-Young J, Unlu S, Afinogenova Y, Catanzaro J, Young J, Kim M, Lee S, You S, Racke M, Bucala R, Kang I. Modulating IL-1β and its receptors shapes spike-specific CD4 +T cell responses to mRNA vaccination. The Journal Of Immunology 2023, 210: 159.20-159.20. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.210.supp.159.20.
- Kim J, Kim K, Min H, Lee E, Lim I, Song J, Kang I, Yi D. Changes in microRNAs during Storage and Processing of Breast Milk. Metabolites 2023, 13: 139. PMID: 36837760, PMCID: PMC9963775, DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020139.
- Shin M, Park H, Young J, Kang I. Implication of IL-7 receptor alpha chain expression by CD8+ T cells and its signature in defining biomarkers in aging. Immunity & Ageing 2022, 19: 66. PMID: 36544153, PMCID: PMC9768896, DOI: 10.1186/s12979-022-00324-6.
- Young J, Park H, Par‐Young J, Bartlett H, Kim H, Shin M, You S, Kim M, Allore H, Mecca A, Kang I. Investigating a CD8+ T cell age‐associated gene signature in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's & Dementia 2022, 18 DOI: 10.1002/alz.064384.
- Ünlü S, Shin J, Par-Young J, Simonov M, Vinetz J, Petrylak D, Kang I, Kim J. Effect of Androgen–Androgen Receptor Directed Therapy on COVID-19 Outcome in Prostate Cancer Patients. Cancer Investigation 2022, 41: 77-83. PMID: 36373994, DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2022.2139839.
- Unlu S, Shin J, Par-Young J, Vinetz J, Petrylak D, Kang I, Kim J. Effect of androgen receptor directed therapy in prostate cancer patients with COVID-19. Journal Of Clinical Oncology 2022, 40: 161-161. DOI: 10.1200/jco.2022.40.6_suppl.161.
- Shin J, Kaman K, Anthonypillai J, Soffer G, Kang I. Peripheral Blood Cell Counts Predict Distinct Endoscopic Phenotypes In Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Journal Of Allergy And Clinical Immunology 2022, 149: ab204. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.12.670.
- Leone D, Park H, Unlu S, Gurvitz M, Kang I, Elder R. Abstract 12526: T Cell Response to Influenza Vaccination Remains Intact in Adults With Congenital Heart Disease Who Underwent Early Thymectomy. Circulation 2021, 144: a12526-a12526. DOI: 10.1161/circ.144.suppl_1.12526.
- Kang I. Chapter 12 Innate immunity in SLE pathogenesis. 2021, 181-188. DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-820583-9.00025-7.
- Shin MS, Kim D, Yim K, Park HJ, You S, Dong X, Koumpouras F, Shaw AC, Fan R, Krishnaswamy S, Kang I. IL-7 receptor alpha defines heterogeneity and signature of human effector memory CD8+ T cells in high dimensional analysis. Cellular Immunology 2020, 355: 104155. PMID: 32619811, PMCID: PMC7415611, DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104155.
- Shin M, Kim D, Park H, Dong X, Koumpouras F, Kang I. Defining heterogeneity and biological signature in human effector memory CD8+ T cells expressing different levels of IL-7 receptor alpha by high-dimensional analysis. The Journal Of Immunology 2020, 204: 154.19-154.19. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.154.19.
- Shin JJ, Liauw D, Siddiqui S, Lee J, Chung EJ, Steele R, Hsu FI, Price C, Kang I. Immunological and Clinical Phenotyping in Primary Antibody Deficiencies: a Growing Disease Spectrum. Journal Of Clinical Immunology 2020, 40: 592-601. PMID: 32239366, PMCID: PMC7260109, DOI: 10.1007/s10875-020-00773-y.
- Slovak R, Park H, Kamp W, Ludwig J, Kang I, Kim K. 3:00 PM Abstract No. 190 ■ FEATURED ABSTRACT Quantifying the immune response after combined immuno-thermal ablation in a murine model of colorectal cancer. Journal Of Vascular And Interventional Radiology 2020, 31: s87. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2019.12.229.
- Kamp W, Park H, Slovak R, Ludwig J, Kang I, Kim H. Quantification of immune response after dual checkpoint inhibition in a microsatellite stable model of colorectal cancer. Journal Of Clinical Oncology 2020, 38: 160-160. DOI: 10.1200/jco.2020.38.4_suppl.160.
- Slovak R, Park H, Kamp W, Ludwig J, Kang I, Kim H. Systemic impact on tumor growth after combined immuno-thermal ablation in a murine model of colorectal cancer. Journal Of Clinical Oncology 2020, 38: 198-198. DOI: 10.1200/jco.2020.38.4_suppl.198.
- Shin J, Liauw D, Siddiqui S, Chung E, Price C, Kang I. Association of various primary antibody deficiencies with unique clinical manifestations and T cell profiles. Journal Of Allergy And Clinical Immunology 2020, 145: ab217. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.12.257.
- Kahlenberg JM, Kang I. Advances in Disease Mechanisms and Translational Technologies: Clinicopathologic Significance of Inflammasome Activation in Autoimmune Diseases. Arthritis & Rheumatology 2020, 72: 386-395. PMID: 31562704, PMCID: PMC7050400, DOI: 10.1002/art.41127.
- Park H, Shin MS, Kim M, Bilsborrow JB, Mohanty S, Montgomery RR, Shaw AC, You S, Kang I. Transcriptomic analysis of human IL‐7 receptor alpha low and high effector memory CD8+ T cells reveals an age‐associated signature linked to influenza vaccine response in older adults. Aging Cell 2019, 18: e12960. PMID: 31044512, PMCID: PMC6612637, DOI: 10.1111/acel.12960.
- Park H, Shin M, Kim M, Bilsborrow J, Mohanty S, Montgomery R, Shaw A, Yoo S, Kang I. Transcriptomic analysis of human IL-7 receptor alphalow and higheffector memory CD8+ T cells reveals an age-associated signature linked to influenza vaccine response in older adults. The Journal Of Immunology 2019, 202: 181.22-181.22. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.181.22.
- Shin MS, Kang Y, Wahl ER, Park HJ, Lazova R, Leng L, Mamula M, Krishnaswamy S, Bucala R, Kang I. Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Regulates U1 Small Nuclear RNP Immune Complex–Mediated Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome. Arthritis & Rheumatology 2018, 71: 109-120. PMID: 30009530, PMCID: PMC6310104, DOI: 10.1002/art.40672.
- Kim J, Shin M, Kang Y, Kang I, Petrylak D. Survival and immune analysis of radium-223 in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Journal Of Clinical Oncology 2018, 36: e24144-e24144. DOI: 10.1200/jco.2018.36.15_suppl.e24144.
- Lee H, Lee J, Kang I, Choi J. Interleukin-1 and IL-23 induce innate-like immune responses by bystander-activated memory CD4+ T cells contributing to the autoimmune pathogenesis. The Journal Of Immunology 2018, 200: 51.7-51.7. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.51.7.
- Shin M, Kang Y, Leng L, Bucala R, Kang I. Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Serves As an Upstream Regulator of NLRP3 Expression and Subsequent IL-1beta Production in Human Monocytes in Response to Lupus U1-snRNP Immune Complex. The Journal Of Immunology 2017, 198: 210.3-210.3. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.210.3.
- Kim J, Kang Y, Shin M, Deshpande H, Hurwitz M, Roberts J, Cardinale J, Narayana A, Kang I, Petrylak D. Changes in T cell immunity in patients with metastatic castration resistant prostate treated with Radium-223 treatment. Journal Of Clinical Oncology 2016, 34: 295-295. DOI: 10.1200/jco.2016.34.2_suppl.295.
- Shin MS, You S, Kang Y, Lee N, Yoo SA, Park K, Kang KS, Kim SH, Mohanty S, Shaw AC, Montgomery RR, Hwang D, Kang I. DNA Methylation Regulates the Differential Expression of CX3CR1 on Human IL-7Rαlow and IL-7Rαhigh Effector Memory CD8+ T Cells with Distinct Migratory Capacities to the Fractalkine. The Journal Of Immunology 2015, 195: 2861-2869. PMID: 26276874, PMCID: PMC4561204, DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500877.
- Sim J, Kim J, Seol M, Lee S, Cho B, Ko Y, Oh K, Lee D, Kim J, Park A, Kang I, Choi K, Kim H. IL-7Ralow memory CD8+ T cells are clonally anergic cells and defect in aerobic glycolysis pathway (HUM4P.274). The Journal Of Immunology 2015, 194: 122.5-122.5. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.122.5.
- IL-6 Receptor α Defines Effector Memory CD8+ T Cells Producing Th2 Cytokines and Expanding in AsthmaLee N, You S, Shin MS, Lee WW, Kang KS, Kim SH, Kim WU, Homer RJ, Kang MJ, Montgomery RR, Dela Cruz CS, Shaw AC, Lee PJ, Chupp GL, Hwang D, Kang I. IL-6 Receptor α Defines Effector Memory CD8+ T Cells Producing Th2 Cytokines and Expanding in Asthma. American Journal Of Respiratory And Critical Care Medicine 2014, 190: 1383-1394. PMID: 25390970, PMCID: PMC4299645, DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201403-0601oc.
- Choi J, Kim S, Kang I, Craft J. Aberrant expansion of CXCR5+ memory CD4 T cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2014, 16: a20. PMCID: PMC4179526, DOI: 10.1186/ar4636.
- Choi J, Kim S, Kang I, Craft J. Aberant expansion of CXCR5+ memory CD4 T cells in SLE patients (HUM7P.307). The Journal Of Immunology 2014, 192: 184.16-184.16. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.192.supp.184.16.
- Sim J, Cho B, Lee S, Ko Y, Seol M, Kim J, Oh K, Lee D, Kang I, Choi K, Kim H. Human IL-7Rα low memory CD8+ T cells are clonal anergic cells being reversed by exogenous IL-2 (IRC10P.469). The Journal Of Immunology 2014, 192: 192.7-192.7. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.192.supp.192.7.
- Lee N, Shin MS, Kang KS, Yoo SA, Mohanty S, Montgomery RR, Shaw AC, Kang I. Human monocytes have increased IFN-γ-mediated IL-15 production with age alongside altered IFN-γ receptor signaling. Clinical Immunology 2014, 152: 101-110. PMID: 24657713, PMCID: PMC4018768, DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.03.003.
- Kang I. Studying the Role for CD4+ T Cell Subsets in Human Lupus. 2013 DOI: 10.21236/ada585488.
- Yoo S, You S, Shin M, Lee N, Kang K, Hwang D, Kang I. Defining cellular characteristics of human IL-7Rαlow memory CD8+ T cells using a genome-wide DNA methylation analysis (P1432). The Journal Of Immunology 2013, 190: 117.16-117.16. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.117.16.
- Shin M, Kang Y, Lee N, Kim S, Kang K, Lazova R, Kang I. Self dsDNA induces IL-1β production from human monocytes by activating NLRP3 inflammasome in the presence of anti-dsDNA antibodies (P4083). The Journal Of Immunology 2013, 190: 127.13-127.13. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.127.13.
- Shin MS, Kang Y, Lee N, Wahl ER, Kim SH, Kang KS, Lazova R, Kang I. Self Double-Stranded (ds)DNA Induces IL-1β Production from Human Monocytes by Activating NLRP3 Inflammasome in the Presence of Anti–dsDNA Antibodies. The Journal Of Immunology 2013, 190: 1407-1415. PMID: 23315075, PMCID: PMC3563755, DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201195.
- Kang I. Analysis of T Cells Using Flow Cytometry. Journal Of Rheumatic Diseases 2013, 20: 83-86. DOI: 10.4078/jrd.2013.20.2.83.
- Kang SW, Kim SH, Lee N, Lee WW, Hwang KA, Shin MS, Lee SH, Kim WU, Kang I. 1,25-Dihyroxyvitamin D3 Promotes FOXP3 Expression via Binding to Vitamin D Response Elements in Its Conserved Noncoding Sequence Region. The Journal Of Immunology 2012, 188: 5276-5282. PMID: 22529297, PMCID: PMC3358577, DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101211.
- Shin MS, Kang Y, Lee N, Kim SH, Kang KS, Lazova R, Kang I. U1-Small Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Activates the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Human Monocytes. The Journal Of Immunology 2012, 188: 4769-4775. PMID: 22490866, PMCID: PMC3347773, DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103355.
- Lee N, Lee W, Shin M, Kang Y, Jeon S, Kang I. The Relationship of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection with circulatory IFN-α levels and IL-7 receptor α expression on CD8+ T cells in Human Aging (105.16). The Journal Of Immunology 2012, 188: 105.16-105.16. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.188.supp.105.16.
- Shin M, Kang Y, Lee N, Kang K, Lazova R, Kang I. U1-snRNP activates the NLRP3 inflammasome in human monocytes (171.7). The Journal Of Immunology 2012, 188: 171.7-171.7. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.188.supp.171.7.
- Kang G, Kim S, Bunin V, Shin M, Lee N, Parke A, Kang I. Altered Th17 and Th1 cells responses in patients with primary Sjogren syndrome (59.10). The Journal Of Immunology 2012, 188: 59.10-59.10. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.188.supp.59.10.
- Kim H, Cho B, Sim J, Kim H, Yoo W, Kang I, Lee E. Characterization of Effector Memory CD8+ T cells in the Synovial fluid of Rheumatoid Arthritis (69.1). The Journal Of Immunology 2012, 188: 69.1-69.1. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.188.supp.69.1.
- Lee JS, Lee WW, Kim SH, Kang Y, Lee N, Shin MS, Kang SW, Kang I. Age-associated alteration in naive and memory Th17 cell response in humans. Clinical Immunology 2011, 140: 84-91. PMID: 21489886, PMCID: PMC3115516, DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.03.018.
- Shin M, Lee W, Lee J, Kim S, Lee N, Kang I. Studying the mechanisms for increased IL-7Rαlow Memory CD8+T cells in the elderly (150.11). The Journal Of Immunology 2011, 186: 150.11-150.11. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.186.supp.150.11.
- Lee N, Shah K, Shin M, Kim S, Craft J, Kang I. Expansion of IL-7Ralow memory CD8 T cells in human lupus (101.19). The Journal Of Immunology 2011, 186: 101.19-101.19. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.186.supp.101.19.
- Shah K, Lee W, Lee S, Kim S, Kang S, Craft J, Kang I. Erratum to: Dysregulated balance of Th17 and Th1 cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2010, 12: 402. PMCID: PMC2911853, DOI: 10.1186/ar2996.
- Lee W, Kang S, Choi J, Lee S, Shah K, Eynon E, Flavell R, Kang I. Regulating human Th17 cells via differential expression of IL-1 receptor (34.7). The Journal Of Immunology 2010, 184: 34.7-34.7. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.184.supp.34.7.
- Lee H, Yu M, Lee D, Kang J, Hwang Y, Lee W, Kang I, Kim H. Human IL-7Rαlow memory CD8+ T cells have defect in the calcium signaling pathway in response to TCR triggering, leading to impaired IL-2 production and proliferation. (132.34). The Journal Of Immunology 2010, 184: 132.34-132.34. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.184.supp.132.34.
- Kang I, Kim S, Lee W, Kang S, Lee J. 1,25-dihyroxyvitamin D3 enhances the activity of the FOXP3 gene in human CD4+ T cells through directly binding to putative VDRE sites in the FOXP3 gene (49.2). The Journal Of Immunology 2010, 184: 49.2-49.2. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.184.supp.49.2.
- Lee J, Lee W, Kim S, Kang S, Kang I. Age-associated alteration in naive and memory Th17 cell response in humans (85.8). The Journal Of Immunology 2010, 184: 85.8-85.8. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.184.supp.85.8.
- Shah K, Lee WW, Lee SH, Kim SH, Kang SW, Craft J, Kang I. Dysregulated balance of Th17 and Th1 cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2010, 12: r53. PMID: 20334681, PMCID: PMC2888202, DOI: 10.1186/ar2964.
- Lee WW, Kang SW, Choi J, Lee SH, Shah K, Eynon EE, Flavell RA, Kang I. Regulating human Th17 cells via differential expression of IL-1 receptor. Blood 2009, 115: 530-540. PMID: 19965648, PMCID: PMC2810985, DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-08-236521.
- Lee W, Kang S, Lee S, Shah K, Kang I. A role for CMV infection in expansion of dysfunctional IL-7 receptor alpha low memory CD8+ T cell with aging. (83.11). The Journal Of Immunology 2009, 182: 83.11-83.11. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.supp.83.11.
- Hong M, Dan J, Lee W, Kang I. Alterations in the Kinetics of CD4+ T Cell Responses with Aging. Journal Of Rheumatic Diseases 2009, 16: 271-280. DOI: 10.4078/jkra.2009.16.4.271.
- Kang I, Kim H, Hwang K. Dual roles of IL‐15 in maintaining IL‐7 receptor alpha low CCR7− memory CD8+ T cells in humans via recovering the PI3K/AKT pathway. The FASEB Journal 2008, 22: 846.18-846.18. DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.846.18.
- Kim HR, Hwang KA, Kang I. Dual Roles of IL-15 in Maintaining IL-7RαlowCCR7− Memory CD8+ T Cells in Humans via Recovering the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/AKT Pathway. The Journal Of Immunology 2007, 179: 6734-6740. PMID: 17982063, DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.10.6734.
- Kim HR, Hwang KA, Kim KC, Kang I. Down-Regulation of IL-7Rα Expression in Human T Cells via DNA Methylation. The Journal Of Immunology 2007, 178: 5473-5479. PMID: 17442928, DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.9.5473.
- Kang I, Kim H, Hwang K. The effect of aging on CD4+ Foxp3+ T cells in humans (85.23). The Journal Of Immunology 2007, 178: s122-s122. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.supp.85.23.
- Kang I, Hwang K, Kim K, Kim H. The role for DNA methylation in differentially regulating IL-7 receptor alpha expression by human T cells (94.22). The Journal Of Immunology 2007, 178: s174-s174. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.supp.94.22.
- KANG I, CRAFT J. CHAPTER 28 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Immunologic Features. 2006, 357-367. DOI: 10.1016/b978-012595961-2/50031-7.
- Kim HR, Hong MS, Dan JM, Kang I. Altered IL-7Rα expression with aging and the potential implications of IL-7 therapy on CD8+ T-cell immune responses. Blood 2005, 107: 2855-2862. PMID: 16357322, PMCID: PMC1440715, DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-09-3560.
- Kang I, Hong MS, Nolasco H, Park SH, Dan JM, Choi JY, Craft J. Age-Associated Change in the Frequency of Memory CD4+ T Cells Impairs Long Term CD4+ T Cell Responses to Influenza Vaccine. The Journal Of Immunology 2004, 173: 673-681. PMID: 15210831, DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.1.673.
- Kang I, Quan T, Nolasco H, Park SH, Hong MS, Crouch J, Pamer EG, Howe JG, Craft J. Defective Control of Latent Epstein-Barr Virus Infection in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. The Journal Of Immunology 2004, 172: 1287-1294. PMID: 14707107, DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.2.1287.
- Kang I, Park S. Infectious complications in SLE after immunosuppressive therapies. Current Opinion In Internal Medicine 2003, 2: 629-635. DOI: 10.1097/00132980-200302060-00015.
- Kang I, Park S. Infectious complications in SLE after immunosuppressive therapies. Current Opinion In Internal Medicine 2003, 2: 629-635. DOI: 10.1097/00132980-200312000-00015.
- Park S, Kang I, Kim H, Craft J. Enhanced proliferative response of CD4+ T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus by T-cell receptor stimulation. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2003, 5: 151. PMCID: PMC2833942, DOI: 10.1186/ar952.
- Bockenstedt L, Kang I, Chang C, Persing D, Hayday A, Barthold S. CD4+ T Helper 1 Cells Facilitate Regression of Murine Lyme Carditis. Infection And Immunity 2001, 69: 5264-5269. PMID: 11500394, PMCID: PMC98634, DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.9.5264-5269.2001.
- Kang I, Lee W, Lee Y. Modulation of collagen-induced arthritis by IL-4 and dexamethasone: the synergistic effect of IL-4 and dexamethasone on the resolution of CIA. Immunopharmacology 2000, 49: 317-324. PMID: 10996029, DOI: 10.1016/s0162-3109(00)00248-4.
- Park C, Kim H, Kang I, Yoo J, Kim J, Kim S, Kim Y. A case of primary hepatic lymphoma with hepatitis C liver cirrhosis. The American Journal Of Gastroenterology 2000, 95: 2377. PMID: 11007247, DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.02278.x.
- KANG I, HAN S. Anserine Bursitis in Patients With Osteoarthritis of the Knee. Southern Medical Journal 2000, 93: 207-209. PMID: 10701790, DOI: 10.1097/00007611-200002000-00011.
- KANG I, HAN S. Anserine Bursitis in Patients With Osteoarthritis of the Knee. Southern Medical Journal 2000, 93: 207-209. DOI: 10.1097/00007611-200093020-00011.
- Shanafelt M, Kang I, Barthold S, Bockenstedt L. Modulation of murine Lyme borreliosis by interruption of the B7/CD28 T-cell costimulatory pathway. Infection And Immunity 1998, 66: 266-71. PMID: 9423867, PMCID: PMC107886, DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.1.266-271.1998.
- Kang I, Hutchinson G. Central Nervous System Vasculitis in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. JCR Journal Of Clinical Rheumatology 1997, 3: 349-352. PMID: 19078225, DOI: 10.1097/00124743-199712000-00010.
Departments and Programs
Biography
Insoo Kang, MD, treats patients suffering from rheumatic diseases. He specializes in treating various forms of arthritis, mixed connective tissue diseases and systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue.
He routinely assures patients that “with the advancements in treatments, many of rheumatic diseases can be largely controlled as we do for hypertension and diabetes.” Dr. Kang, an associate professor of medicine (rheumatology) at Yale School of Medicine.
Titles
- Professor
- Director of Allergy & Immunology, Internal Medicine
Education & Training
- FellowYale University School of Medicine (1997)
- ResidentYale Affiliated Program at Hospital of Saint Raphael (1994)
- MDHallym University (1990)
Languages Spoken
- English
- 한국어 (Korean)
Additional Information
Board Certifications
- AB of Internal Medicine, Rheumatology (1996, recertified: 2016)
- AB of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine (1994, recertified: 2014)
Publications
- Park H, Shin M, Shin J, Kim H, Kang B, Par-Young J, Unlu S, Afinogenova Y, Catanzaro J, Young J, Kim M, Lee S, You S, Racke M, Bucala R, Kang I. Modulating IL-1β and its receptors shapes spike-specific CD4 +T cell responses to mRNA vaccination. The Journal Of Immunology 2023, 210: 159.20-159.20. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.210.supp.159.20.
- Kim J, Kim K, Min H, Lee E, Lim I, Song J, Kang I, Yi D. Changes in microRNAs during Storage and Processing of Breast Milk. Metabolites 2023, 13: 139. PMID: 36837760, PMCID: PMC9963775, DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020139.
- Shin M, Park H, Young J, Kang I. Implication of IL-7 receptor alpha chain expression by CD8+ T cells and its signature in defining biomarkers in aging. Immunity & Ageing 2022, 19: 66. PMID: 36544153, PMCID: PMC9768896, DOI: 10.1186/s12979-022-00324-6.
- Young J, Park H, Par‐Young J, Bartlett H, Kim H, Shin M, You S, Kim M, Allore H, Mecca A, Kang I. Investigating a CD8+ T cell age‐associated gene signature in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's & Dementia 2022, 18 DOI: 10.1002/alz.064384.
- Ünlü S, Shin J, Par-Young J, Simonov M, Vinetz J, Petrylak D, Kang I, Kim J. Effect of Androgen–Androgen Receptor Directed Therapy on COVID-19 Outcome in Prostate Cancer Patients. Cancer Investigation 2022, 41: 77-83. PMID: 36373994, DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2022.2139839.
- Unlu S, Shin J, Par-Young J, Vinetz J, Petrylak D, Kang I, Kim J. Effect of androgen receptor directed therapy in prostate cancer patients with COVID-19. Journal Of Clinical Oncology 2022, 40: 161-161. DOI: 10.1200/jco.2022.40.6_suppl.161.
- Shin J, Kaman K, Anthonypillai J, Soffer G, Kang I. Peripheral Blood Cell Counts Predict Distinct Endoscopic Phenotypes In Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Journal Of Allergy And Clinical Immunology 2022, 149: ab204. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.12.670.
- Leone D, Park H, Unlu S, Gurvitz M, Kang I, Elder R. Abstract 12526: T Cell Response to Influenza Vaccination Remains Intact in Adults With Congenital Heart Disease Who Underwent Early Thymectomy. Circulation 2021, 144: a12526-a12526. DOI: 10.1161/circ.144.suppl_1.12526.
- Kang I. Chapter 12 Innate immunity in SLE pathogenesis. 2021, 181-188. DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-820583-9.00025-7.
- Shin MS, Kim D, Yim K, Park HJ, You S, Dong X, Koumpouras F, Shaw AC, Fan R, Krishnaswamy S, Kang I. IL-7 receptor alpha defines heterogeneity and signature of human effector memory CD8+ T cells in high dimensional analysis. Cellular Immunology 2020, 355: 104155. PMID: 32619811, PMCID: PMC7415611, DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104155.
- Shin M, Kim D, Park H, Dong X, Koumpouras F, Kang I. Defining heterogeneity and biological signature in human effector memory CD8+ T cells expressing different levels of IL-7 receptor alpha by high-dimensional analysis. The Journal Of Immunology 2020, 204: 154.19-154.19. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.154.19.
- Shin JJ, Liauw D, Siddiqui S, Lee J, Chung EJ, Steele R, Hsu FI, Price C, Kang I. Immunological and Clinical Phenotyping in Primary Antibody Deficiencies: a Growing Disease Spectrum. Journal Of Clinical Immunology 2020, 40: 592-601. PMID: 32239366, PMCID: PMC7260109, DOI: 10.1007/s10875-020-00773-y.
- Slovak R, Park H, Kamp W, Ludwig J, Kang I, Kim K. 3:00 PM Abstract No. 190 ■ FEATURED ABSTRACT Quantifying the immune response after combined immuno-thermal ablation in a murine model of colorectal cancer. Journal Of Vascular And Interventional Radiology 2020, 31: s87. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2019.12.229.
- Kamp W, Park H, Slovak R, Ludwig J, Kang I, Kim H. Quantification of immune response after dual checkpoint inhibition in a microsatellite stable model of colorectal cancer. Journal Of Clinical Oncology 2020, 38: 160-160. DOI: 10.1200/jco.2020.38.4_suppl.160.
- Slovak R, Park H, Kamp W, Ludwig J, Kang I, Kim H. Systemic impact on tumor growth after combined immuno-thermal ablation in a murine model of colorectal cancer. Journal Of Clinical Oncology 2020, 38: 198-198. DOI: 10.1200/jco.2020.38.4_suppl.198.
- Shin J, Liauw D, Siddiqui S, Chung E, Price C, Kang I. Association of various primary antibody deficiencies with unique clinical manifestations and T cell profiles. Journal Of Allergy And Clinical Immunology 2020, 145: ab217. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.12.257.
- Kahlenberg JM, Kang I. Advances in Disease Mechanisms and Translational Technologies: Clinicopathologic Significance of Inflammasome Activation in Autoimmune Diseases. Arthritis & Rheumatology 2020, 72: 386-395. PMID: 31562704, PMCID: PMC7050400, DOI: 10.1002/art.41127.
- Park H, Shin MS, Kim M, Bilsborrow JB, Mohanty S, Montgomery RR, Shaw AC, You S, Kang I. Transcriptomic analysis of human IL‐7 receptor alpha low and high effector memory CD8+ T cells reveals an age‐associated signature linked to influenza vaccine response in older adults. Aging Cell 2019, 18: e12960. PMID: 31044512, PMCID: PMC6612637, DOI: 10.1111/acel.12960.
- Park H, Shin M, Kim M, Bilsborrow J, Mohanty S, Montgomery R, Shaw A, Yoo S, Kang I. Transcriptomic analysis of human IL-7 receptor alphalow and higheffector memory CD8+ T cells reveals an age-associated signature linked to influenza vaccine response in older adults. The Journal Of Immunology 2019, 202: 181.22-181.22. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.181.22.
- Shin MS, Kang Y, Wahl ER, Park HJ, Lazova R, Leng L, Mamula M, Krishnaswamy S, Bucala R, Kang I. Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Regulates U1 Small Nuclear RNP Immune Complex–Mediated Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome. Arthritis & Rheumatology 2018, 71: 109-120. PMID: 30009530, PMCID: PMC6310104, DOI: 10.1002/art.40672.
- Kim J, Shin M, Kang Y, Kang I, Petrylak D. Survival and immune analysis of radium-223 in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Journal Of Clinical Oncology 2018, 36: e24144-e24144. DOI: 10.1200/jco.2018.36.15_suppl.e24144.
- Lee H, Lee J, Kang I, Choi J. Interleukin-1 and IL-23 induce innate-like immune responses by bystander-activated memory CD4+ T cells contributing to the autoimmune pathogenesis. The Journal Of Immunology 2018, 200: 51.7-51.7. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.51.7.
- Shin M, Kang Y, Leng L, Bucala R, Kang I. Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Serves As an Upstream Regulator of NLRP3 Expression and Subsequent IL-1beta Production in Human Monocytes in Response to Lupus U1-snRNP Immune Complex. The Journal Of Immunology 2017, 198: 210.3-210.3. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.210.3.
- Kim J, Kang Y, Shin M, Deshpande H, Hurwitz M, Roberts J, Cardinale J, Narayana A, Kang I, Petrylak D. Changes in T cell immunity in patients with metastatic castration resistant prostate treated with Radium-223 treatment. Journal Of Clinical Oncology 2016, 34: 295-295. DOI: 10.1200/jco.2016.34.2_suppl.295.
- Shin MS, You S, Kang Y, Lee N, Yoo SA, Park K, Kang KS, Kim SH, Mohanty S, Shaw AC, Montgomery RR, Hwang D, Kang I. DNA Methylation Regulates the Differential Expression of CX3CR1 on Human IL-7Rαlow and IL-7Rαhigh Effector Memory CD8+ T Cells with Distinct Migratory Capacities to the Fractalkine. The Journal Of Immunology 2015, 195: 2861-2869. PMID: 26276874, PMCID: PMC4561204, DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500877.
- Sim J, Kim J, Seol M, Lee S, Cho B, Ko Y, Oh K, Lee D, Kim J, Park A, Kang I, Choi K, Kim H. IL-7Ralow memory CD8+ T cells are clonally anergic cells and defect in aerobic glycolysis pathway (HUM4P.274). The Journal Of Immunology 2015, 194: 122.5-122.5. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.122.5.
- IL-6 Receptor α Defines Effector Memory CD8+ T Cells Producing Th2 Cytokines and Expanding in AsthmaLee N, You S, Shin MS, Lee WW, Kang KS, Kim SH, Kim WU, Homer RJ, Kang MJ, Montgomery RR, Dela Cruz CS, Shaw AC, Lee PJ, Chupp GL, Hwang D, Kang I. IL-6 Receptor α Defines Effector Memory CD8+ T Cells Producing Th2 Cytokines and Expanding in Asthma. American Journal Of Respiratory And Critical Care Medicine 2014, 190: 1383-1394. PMID: 25390970, PMCID: PMC4299645, DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201403-0601oc.
- Choi J, Kim S, Kang I, Craft J. Aberrant expansion of CXCR5+ memory CD4 T cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2014, 16: a20. PMCID: PMC4179526, DOI: 10.1186/ar4636.
- Choi J, Kim S, Kang I, Craft J. Aberant expansion of CXCR5+ memory CD4 T cells in SLE patients (HUM7P.307). The Journal Of Immunology 2014, 192: 184.16-184.16. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.192.supp.184.16.
- Sim J, Cho B, Lee S, Ko Y, Seol M, Kim J, Oh K, Lee D, Kang I, Choi K, Kim H. Human IL-7Rα low memory CD8+ T cells are clonal anergic cells being reversed by exogenous IL-2 (IRC10P.469). The Journal Of Immunology 2014, 192: 192.7-192.7. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.192.supp.192.7.
- Lee N, Shin MS, Kang KS, Yoo SA, Mohanty S, Montgomery RR, Shaw AC, Kang I. Human monocytes have increased IFN-γ-mediated IL-15 production with age alongside altered IFN-γ receptor signaling. Clinical Immunology 2014, 152: 101-110. PMID: 24657713, PMCID: PMC4018768, DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.03.003.
- Kang I. Studying the Role for CD4+ T Cell Subsets in Human Lupus. 2013 DOI: 10.21236/ada585488.
- Yoo S, You S, Shin M, Lee N, Kang K, Hwang D, Kang I. Defining cellular characteristics of human IL-7Rαlow memory CD8+ T cells using a genome-wide DNA methylation analysis (P1432). The Journal Of Immunology 2013, 190: 117.16-117.16. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.117.16.
- Shin M, Kang Y, Lee N, Kim S, Kang K, Lazova R, Kang I. Self dsDNA induces IL-1β production from human monocytes by activating NLRP3 inflammasome in the presence of anti-dsDNA antibodies (P4083). The Journal Of Immunology 2013, 190: 127.13-127.13. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.127.13.
- Shin MS, Kang Y, Lee N, Wahl ER, Kim SH, Kang KS, Lazova R, Kang I. Self Double-Stranded (ds)DNA Induces IL-1β Production from Human Monocytes by Activating NLRP3 Inflammasome in the Presence of Anti–dsDNA Antibodies. The Journal Of Immunology 2013, 190: 1407-1415. PMID: 23315075, PMCID: PMC3563755, DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201195.
- Kang I. Analysis of T Cells Using Flow Cytometry. Journal Of Rheumatic Diseases 2013, 20: 83-86. DOI: 10.4078/jrd.2013.20.2.83.
- Kang SW, Kim SH, Lee N, Lee WW, Hwang KA, Shin MS, Lee SH, Kim WU, Kang I. 1,25-Dihyroxyvitamin D3 Promotes FOXP3 Expression via Binding to Vitamin D Response Elements in Its Conserved Noncoding Sequence Region. The Journal Of Immunology 2012, 188: 5276-5282. PMID: 22529297, PMCID: PMC3358577, DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101211.
- Shin MS, Kang Y, Lee N, Kim SH, Kang KS, Lazova R, Kang I. U1-Small Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Activates the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Human Monocytes. The Journal Of Immunology 2012, 188: 4769-4775. PMID: 22490866, PMCID: PMC3347773, DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103355.
- Lee N, Lee W, Shin M, Kang Y, Jeon S, Kang I. The Relationship of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection with circulatory IFN-α levels and IL-7 receptor α expression on CD8+ T cells in Human Aging (105.16). The Journal Of Immunology 2012, 188: 105.16-105.16. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.188.supp.105.16.
- Shin M, Kang Y, Lee N, Kang K, Lazova R, Kang I. U1-snRNP activates the NLRP3 inflammasome in human monocytes (171.7). The Journal Of Immunology 2012, 188: 171.7-171.7. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.188.supp.171.7.
- Kang G, Kim S, Bunin V, Shin M, Lee N, Parke A, Kang I. Altered Th17 and Th1 cells responses in patients with primary Sjogren syndrome (59.10). The Journal Of Immunology 2012, 188: 59.10-59.10. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.188.supp.59.10.
- Kim H, Cho B, Sim J, Kim H, Yoo W, Kang I, Lee E. Characterization of Effector Memory CD8+ T cells in the Synovial fluid of Rheumatoid Arthritis (69.1). The Journal Of Immunology 2012, 188: 69.1-69.1. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.188.supp.69.1.
- Lee JS, Lee WW, Kim SH, Kang Y, Lee N, Shin MS, Kang SW, Kang I. Age-associated alteration in naive and memory Th17 cell response in humans. Clinical Immunology 2011, 140: 84-91. PMID: 21489886, PMCID: PMC3115516, DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.03.018.
- Shin M, Lee W, Lee J, Kim S, Lee N, Kang I. Studying the mechanisms for increased IL-7Rαlow Memory CD8+T cells in the elderly (150.11). The Journal Of Immunology 2011, 186: 150.11-150.11. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.186.supp.150.11.
- Lee N, Shah K, Shin M, Kim S, Craft J, Kang I. Expansion of IL-7Ralow memory CD8 T cells in human lupus (101.19). The Journal Of Immunology 2011, 186: 101.19-101.19. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.186.supp.101.19.
- Shah K, Lee W, Lee S, Kim S, Kang S, Craft J, Kang I. Erratum to: Dysregulated balance of Th17 and Th1 cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2010, 12: 402. PMCID: PMC2911853, DOI: 10.1186/ar2996.
- Lee W, Kang S, Choi J, Lee S, Shah K, Eynon E, Flavell R, Kang I. Regulating human Th17 cells via differential expression of IL-1 receptor (34.7). The Journal Of Immunology 2010, 184: 34.7-34.7. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.184.supp.34.7.
- Lee H, Yu M, Lee D, Kang J, Hwang Y, Lee W, Kang I, Kim H. Human IL-7Rαlow memory CD8+ T cells have defect in the calcium signaling pathway in response to TCR triggering, leading to impaired IL-2 production and proliferation. (132.34). The Journal Of Immunology 2010, 184: 132.34-132.34. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.184.supp.132.34.
- Kang I, Kim S, Lee W, Kang S, Lee J. 1,25-dihyroxyvitamin D3 enhances the activity of the FOXP3 gene in human CD4+ T cells through directly binding to putative VDRE sites in the FOXP3 gene (49.2). The Journal Of Immunology 2010, 184: 49.2-49.2. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.184.supp.49.2.
- Lee J, Lee W, Kim S, Kang S, Kang I. Age-associated alteration in naive and memory Th17 cell response in humans (85.8). The Journal Of Immunology 2010, 184: 85.8-85.8. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.184.supp.85.8.
- Shah K, Lee WW, Lee SH, Kim SH, Kang SW, Craft J, Kang I. Dysregulated balance of Th17 and Th1 cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2010, 12: r53. PMID: 20334681, PMCID: PMC2888202, DOI: 10.1186/ar2964.
- Lee WW, Kang SW, Choi J, Lee SH, Shah K, Eynon EE, Flavell RA, Kang I. Regulating human Th17 cells via differential expression of IL-1 receptor. Blood 2009, 115: 530-540. PMID: 19965648, PMCID: PMC2810985, DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-08-236521.
- Lee W, Kang S, Lee S, Shah K, Kang I. A role for CMV infection in expansion of dysfunctional IL-7 receptor alpha low memory CD8+ T cell with aging. (83.11). The Journal Of Immunology 2009, 182: 83.11-83.11. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.supp.83.11.
- Hong M, Dan J, Lee W, Kang I. Alterations in the Kinetics of CD4+ T Cell Responses with Aging. Journal Of Rheumatic Diseases 2009, 16: 271-280. DOI: 10.4078/jkra.2009.16.4.271.
- Kang I, Kim H, Hwang K. Dual roles of IL‐15 in maintaining IL‐7 receptor alpha low CCR7− memory CD8+ T cells in humans via recovering the PI3K/AKT pathway. The FASEB Journal 2008, 22: 846.18-846.18. DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.846.18.
- Kim HR, Hwang KA, Kang I. Dual Roles of IL-15 in Maintaining IL-7RαlowCCR7− Memory CD8+ T Cells in Humans via Recovering the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/AKT Pathway. The Journal Of Immunology 2007, 179: 6734-6740. PMID: 17982063, DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.10.6734.
- Kim HR, Hwang KA, Kim KC, Kang I. Down-Regulation of IL-7Rα Expression in Human T Cells via DNA Methylation. The Journal Of Immunology 2007, 178: 5473-5479. PMID: 17442928, DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.9.5473.
- Kang I, Kim H, Hwang K. The effect of aging on CD4+ Foxp3+ T cells in humans (85.23). The Journal Of Immunology 2007, 178: s122-s122. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.supp.85.23.
- Kang I, Hwang K, Kim K, Kim H. The role for DNA methylation in differentially regulating IL-7 receptor alpha expression by human T cells (94.22). The Journal Of Immunology 2007, 178: s174-s174. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.supp.94.22.
- KANG I, CRAFT J. CHAPTER 28 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Immunologic Features. 2006, 357-367. DOI: 10.1016/b978-012595961-2/50031-7.
- Kim HR, Hong MS, Dan JM, Kang I. Altered IL-7Rα expression with aging and the potential implications of IL-7 therapy on CD8+ T-cell immune responses. Blood 2005, 107: 2855-2862. PMID: 16357322, PMCID: PMC1440715, DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-09-3560.
- Kang I, Hong MS, Nolasco H, Park SH, Dan JM, Choi JY, Craft J. Age-Associated Change in the Frequency of Memory CD4+ T Cells Impairs Long Term CD4+ T Cell Responses to Influenza Vaccine. The Journal Of Immunology 2004, 173: 673-681. PMID: 15210831, DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.1.673.
- Kang I, Quan T, Nolasco H, Park SH, Hong MS, Crouch J, Pamer EG, Howe JG, Craft J. Defective Control of Latent Epstein-Barr Virus Infection in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. The Journal Of Immunology 2004, 172: 1287-1294. PMID: 14707107, DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.2.1287.
- Kang I, Park S. Infectious complications in SLE after immunosuppressive therapies. Current Opinion In Internal Medicine 2003, 2: 629-635. DOI: 10.1097/00132980-200302060-00015.
- Kang I, Park S. Infectious complications in SLE after immunosuppressive therapies. Current Opinion In Internal Medicine 2003, 2: 629-635. DOI: 10.1097/00132980-200312000-00015.
- Park S, Kang I, Kim H, Craft J. Enhanced proliferative response of CD4+ T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus by T-cell receptor stimulation. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2003, 5: 151. PMCID: PMC2833942, DOI: 10.1186/ar952.
- Bockenstedt L, Kang I, Chang C, Persing D, Hayday A, Barthold S. CD4+ T Helper 1 Cells Facilitate Regression of Murine Lyme Carditis. Infection And Immunity 2001, 69: 5264-5269. PMID: 11500394, PMCID: PMC98634, DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.9.5264-5269.2001.
- Kang I, Lee W, Lee Y. Modulation of collagen-induced arthritis by IL-4 and dexamethasone: the synergistic effect of IL-4 and dexamethasone on the resolution of CIA. Immunopharmacology 2000, 49: 317-324. PMID: 10996029, DOI: 10.1016/s0162-3109(00)00248-4.
- Park C, Kim H, Kang I, Yoo J, Kim J, Kim S, Kim Y. A case of primary hepatic lymphoma with hepatitis C liver cirrhosis. The American Journal Of Gastroenterology 2000, 95: 2377. PMID: 11007247, DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.02278.x.
- KANG I, HAN S. Anserine Bursitis in Patients With Osteoarthritis of the Knee. Southern Medical Journal 2000, 93: 207-209. PMID: 10701790, DOI: 10.1097/00007611-200002000-00011.
- KANG I, HAN S. Anserine Bursitis in Patients With Osteoarthritis of the Knee. Southern Medical Journal 2000, 93: 207-209. DOI: 10.1097/00007611-200093020-00011.
- Shanafelt M, Kang I, Barthold S, Bockenstedt L. Modulation of murine Lyme borreliosis by interruption of the B7/CD28 T-cell costimulatory pathway. Infection And Immunity 1998, 66: 266-71. PMID: 9423867, PMCID: PMC107886, DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.1.266-271.1998.
- Kang I, Hutchinson G. Central Nervous System Vasculitis in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. JCR Journal Of Clinical Rheumatology 1997, 3: 349-352. PMID: 19078225, DOI: 10.1097/00124743-199712000-00010.
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