Phase III Intergroup Study of Radiotherapy With Concomitant and Adjuvant Temozolomide Versus Radiotherapy With Adjuvant PCV Chemotherapy in Patients With 1p/19q Co-deleted Anaplastic Glioma or Low Grade Glioma

This study will be a randomized phase III for patients with newly diagnosed co-deleted 1p/19q anaplastic glioma or high risk low grade glioma. The trial will only enroll patients with 1p/19q co-deletion. This study includes two arms as described in the "Arms" section. A dynamic allocation procedure will be used to allocate an equal number of patients to different arms (Arms A:B = 1:1). This procedure will balance the marginal distributions of the stratification factors among arms. The stratification factors that will be used are cooperative groups (EORTC vs. all North American groups), age (≤ 50 vs. > 50), performance score (ECOG 0-1 vs. 2), and tumor grade (anaplastic glioma vs. low grade glioma).

The primary goal is to determine whether patients who receive radiotherapy with concomitant temozolomide (TMZ) followed by adjuvant temozolomide (RT + TMZ --> TMZ) (Arm B) have a marginally better progression free survival (PFS) as compared with patients who receive radiotherapy followed by PCV chemotherapy (RT --> PCV)(Arm A).

Pre-Registration Inclusion Criteria:

Central Pathology Review Submission: This review is mandatory prior to registration to confirm eligibility. Patients must be willing to submit tissue samples for mandatory central pathology review submission and deletion status determination. It should be initiated as soon after surgery as possible.

Registration Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age ≥ 18 years
2. Newly diagnosed and ≤ 3 months from surgical diagnosis
3. Histological confirmation of anaplastic glioma (oligodendroglioma, mixed, or astrocytoma [WHO grade 2 or 3] or low grade glioma [WHO grade 2], as determined by pre-registration central pathology review. Note: Mixed gliomas are eligible, regardless of the degree of astrocytic or oligodendrocytic predominance, as long as the tumor is also co-deleted for 1p and 19q.
4. Patients with codeleted low grade gliomas must also be considered "high risk" by clinical criteria utilized in RTOG 9802 and must be either: age ≥ 40 and any surgical therapy or age < 40 and subtotal resection or biopsy.
5. Tumor tissue must show co-deletion for the relevant portions of chromosomes 1p and 19q by FISH analysis, as defined by the testing laboratory.
6. Surgery (partial or gross total resection or biopsy) must be performed ≥ 2 weeks prior to registration. Patient must have recovered from the effects of surgery.
7. The following laboratory values obtained ≤ 21 days prior to registration.
   1. Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥ 1500/mm^3
   2. Platelet (PLTs) count ≥ 100,000/mm^3
   3. Hemoglobin (Hgb) > 9.0g/dL
   4. Total bilirubin ≤ 1.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN)
   5. Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) aspartate transaminase (AST) ≤ 3 x ULN
   6. Creatinine ≤ 1.5 x ULN
8. Negative serum or urine pregnancy test done ≤ 7 days prior to registration for women of childbearing potential only.
9. Willing and able to complete neurocognitive testing without assistance and the Quality of Life (QOL) questionnaires with or without assistance
10. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0, 1 or 2
11. Provide informed written consent.
12. Willing to return to enrolling institution for follow-up during the Active Monitoring Phase (ie, active treatment and observation portion) of the study
13. Mandatory Tissue Samples for Correlative Research -Patient willing to provide tissue samples for correlative research purposes

Registration Exclusion Criteria:

1. Fetal/Newborn Toxicity: Any of the following because this study involves an agent that has known genotoxic, mutagenic and teratogenic effects: Pregnant women, nursing women, men or women of childbearing potential who are unwilling to employ adequate contraception during this study and for up to 6 months following the completion of temozolomide treatments.
2. Received any prior surgery, radiation therapy or chemotherapy for any central nervous system (CNS) neoplasm. Note: Patients who have had a prior low grade glioma with or without surgery and who now have anaplastic glioma with no prior radiation or chemotherapy are eligible for the study.
3. Co-morbid systemic illnesses or other severe concurrent disease which, in the judgment of the investigator, would make the patient inappropriate for entry into this study or interfere significantly with the proper assessment of safety and toxicity of the prescribed regimens.
4. Concomitant serious immunocompromised status (other than that related to concomitant steroids) that would compromise the safety of the patient on the study.
5. Patients known to be Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) positive and currently receiving retroviral therapy. Note: Patients known to be HIV positive, but without clinical evidence of an immunocompromised state, are eligible for the study.
6. Uncontrolled intercurrent illness including, but not limited to, ongoing or active infection, symptomatic congestive heart failure, unstable angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmia, or psychiatric illness/social situations that would limit compliance with study requirements.
7. Receiving any other investigational agent which would be considered as a treatment for the primary neoplasm.
8. Other active malignancy within 5 years of registration. Exceptions:Non-melanotic skin cancer or carcinoma in situ of the cervix. Note: If there is a history of prior malignancy, the patient must not be receiving other specific treatment (other than hormonal therapy) for their cancer.
9. History of myocardial infarction ≤ 6 months, or congestive heart failure requiring use of ongoing maintenance therapy for life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias.
10. Recent history of hepatitis infection or treating physician determined that the patient would be at significant risk of reactivation of hepatitis.